Title of Research Paper and Abstract

Ahmad Ashhar, O. and Haron, A.1994. Pembiakan ikan temoleh, Probarbus jullieni (Sauvage), menggunakan ekstrak pituitari dan hormon human chorionic gonadotropin (H.C.G.). Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., IV: 253-256.

Abstract:
The Probarbus jullieni (Sauvage) could be induced to spawn by the administration of a combination of pituitary hormones (3-6mg/kg) and H.C.G.(250 I.U/kg). Mating behavior started between 6 and 12 hour after administration of hormones. As was observed 80% spawn successfully. The hand-stripped eggs were artificially by milt using the dry method. Over 90% of the released eggs hatched within 35-38 hours at temperature 28.5 – 31^oC. With respect to this some aspects of the reproductive biology and larval rearing are discussed.

Ahmad Ashhar, O., Chuah. H. P, Zahari, A., Nor Azman, A.G,. Ramley, A. B.1993. Empangan Timah Tasoh: Laporan Khas Tentang Kesesuaiannya Untuk Projek Akuakultur. Laporan-Loporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 202-209 pp.

Pengenalan
Empangan Timah Tasoh adalah merupakan satu projek yang terpenting di bawah Projek Pembangunan Pertanian Bersepadu Negeri Perlis yang dibiayai oleh Bank Pembangunan Asia. Projek ini dilaksanakan oleh Jabatan Perairan dan Saliran Malaysia. Empangan Timah Tasoh terletak di sebelah hilir cabang Sungai Timah dan Sungai Tasoh, lebih kurang 16 km di Utara Bandar Kangar; dan terletak di antara garis lintang 6^o33'N - 6^o35'N, dan garis bujur 100^o15'N.
Tujuan empangan Timah Tasoh dan kolam takungan ialah untuk membekalkan air pengairan untuk aktiviti pertanian, bekalan air minum, industri, institusi dan juga untuk mencegah banjir.Perlaksanaan pembinaan Empangan Timah Tasoh telah dimulakan pada bulan Jun 1987 dan disiapkan pada bulan Julai 1989. Antara faedah-faedah daripada projek Empangan Timah Tasoh ialah ia dapat :
i)    Menyediakan puca bekalan air yang terjamin bagi menampung permintaan yang kian bertambah untuk kegunaan
domestik dan inductri sekurang-kurangnya hingga tahun 2005.
ii)   Menyediakan punca air untuk pengairan intergrasi pertanian seluas 2,970 ha kawasan padi, melibatkan 11 skim
pengairan kecil yang dipulihkan.
iii)   Mengawal dan mencegah kejadian banjir di kawasan-kawasan yang biasa dilanda banjir.
Ciri-ciri utama Empangan Timah Tasoh adalah seperti berikut :
Luas kawasan tadahan : 191 km²
Purata air larian tahunan : 72 juta m³
Paras air tertinggi : 29.1 m atas paras laut
Paras air minimum : 25.3 m atas paras laut
Isipadu takungan
Hidup : 33.3 juta m³
Mati   : 6.7 juta m³
JUMLAH : 40.0 juta m³
Pada masa ini, kawasan yang telah dibanjiri adalah 6km², iaitu, lebih kurang 10juta m^3. Dalamnya air adalah di antara 1 dan 3 m sahaja. Purata kedalaman air adalah 2m. Paras air dijangka akan pasang sebanyak 2m lagi.
Satu kajian awal telah dijalankan oleh kumpulan Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka, daripada 29 September hingga 4 Oktober, 1992. Tujuan kajian itu ialah untuk mentaksirkan kesesuaian Empangan Timah Tasoh sebagai tapak pembangunan ternakan ikan dalam sangkar, kesesuaian spesies-spesies untuk pelepasan umum (public stocking) dan pembersihan air. Untuk mencapai objektif-objektif tersebut, aspek-aspek yang dikaji meliputi kajian mutu air, daya pengeluaran primer (fitoplankton), daya pengeluaran sekunder (zooplankton), spesies-spesies ikan yang terdapat, banyaknya spesies-spesies itu secara relatif, dan jenis-jenis makanan yang penting untuk spesies-spesies  tersebut.

Ahmad Ashhar, O., Misri, S., Jamaludin, I. 1993. Kajian Awalan Analisa Stok Ikan Di Taman Pertanian Dari April Hingga Ogos 1993. Laporan-Loporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 244-253 pp.

Pengenalan
Taman Pertanian Bukit Cahaya Seri Alam mempunyai keluasan 856 ekar. Ianya diwujudkan untuk menjadi pusat demonstrasi pembangunan pertanian, tempat untuk menjalankan kajian dan penyelidikan pusat rekreasi serta tarikan kepada pelancung asing. Peranan Jabatan Perikanan ialah untuk membangunkan perikanan di bawah badan perairan dalam Taman Pertanian. Ianya adalah :
1.   Danau Perikanan - luasnya 3 hektar dan kedalamannya adalah 1.5 - 2.0m.
2.   Empangan Sungai Baru - luasnya 4.7 hektar dan kedalamannya adalah di antara 9.6-12 m.
3.   Empangan Air Kuning - luasnya 8.5 hektar dan purata ke dalamannya ialah di antara 4.5-6.0 m.
Komposisi spesies ikan airtawar yang indigenous dan juga yang telah dilepaskan dari masa ke semasa oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar masih belum dikaji walaupun badan perairan telah lama dimanipulasi semenjak penubuhan Taman Pertanian. Kepentingan kajian ini ialah untuk melihat  kepada beberapa aspek biologi dan ekologi bagi memastikan satu konsep management yang berkesan ke atas perairan yang tersebut di atas. Dengan adanya data-data spesies ikan yang sudah establish hasil dari tangkapan akan memudahkan kita membuat kerja-kerja penambahan stok atau meningkatkan lagi hasil mana-mana perairan.
Semua organisma yang hidup di dalam tasik atau reservoir atau di dalam mana-mana habitat adalah sentiasa berinteraksi di mana mereka akan menjadi satu komuniti. Interaksi yang paling aktif di antara individu seperti di dalam populasi ikan ialah "predator-prey",kompetisi ke atas makanan dan juga aktiviti pembiakan di mana setengah spesies akan cuba menjaga teritory mereka untuk survival. Jadi inilah model dan asas kepada kajian ini.
Kajian ini adalah susulan kepada beberapa kerja-kerja menginventori spesies ikan yang telah dijalankan sebelum ini (rujuk : Zulkafli, 1991). Selain dari kajian ini, studi ke atas limnologi (water quality), aquatic weeds, ikan akuarium dan juga ternakan ikan dalam sangkar telah juga dijalankan sebelumnya ini.

Ahmad Ashhar, O.1998. Pembiakan Dan Pengeluaran Benih Ikan Jelawat (Leptobarbus hoevenii) Bleeker. Buku Panduan Bil 2/98. 21pp.

Ringkasan
Permintaan terhadap ikan air tawar kian meningkat selari dengan perkembangan industri akuakultur di Malaysia pada ketika ini. Keadaan ini boleh mengakibatkan kekurangan benih untuk menampung keperluan industri pada masa hadapan.Dua cara yang dapat mengatasi masalah kekurangan benih ini ialah dengan memungut benih ikan dari perairan semulajadi atau pun membiakkan di dalam kurungan secara semulajadi atau aruhan.
Pada amnya cara yang pertama adalah lebih mudah dan murah. Namun skop perkembangannya adalah terhad kerana sumber bekalan adalah tidak menentu dan amat bergantung kepada alam sekeliling. Keadaan ini tidak mampu menjamin perkembangan industri akuakultur yang mampan. Oleh itu penghasilan benih melalui pembiakan ikan secara aruhan adalah alternatif yang lebih baik. Keadah ini mampu menghasilkan benih ikan dalam kuantiti dan kualiti yang lebih terkawal.
Disamping itu, keadah ini juga dapat membantu di dalam pemuliharaan stok beberapa spesies ikan yang terancam dan pupus disebabkan oleh kemerosotan habitat semulajadi. Perkara ini amat relevan dengan beberapa spesies ikan kap tempatan seperti jelawat, kelah dan temoleh. Menyedari hakikat ini, pihak Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, khususnya PPPAT mula menjalankan penyelidikan keatas pembiakan aruhan spesies-spesies ini.
Hasil daripada itu, teknik pembiakan aruhan ikan jelawat telah berjaya ditemui di Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, PPPAT, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, Batu Berendam, Melaka pada awal tahun 1980an.
Sebagai inisiatif Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia untuk memajukan lagi industri akuakulutur air tawar khususnya ternakan ikan jelawat beberapa langkah telah diambil bagi memindahkan teknologi pembiakan aruhan dan pengeluaran benih ikan jelawat ini kepada kumpulan sasaran. Oleh itu buku panduan ini adalah bertepatan dengan hasrat tersebut.Ia boleh dijadikan bahan rujukan kepada sesiapa yang berminat serta ingin memulakan perusahaan ini. Di dalam buku ini terkandung berbagai maklumat-maklumat teknikal mengenai aspek pembiakan aruhan dan pembenihan ikan jelawat.
Adalah diharapkan adar ia dapat memberi bimbingan dan tunjuk ajar serta manfaat kepada pengusaha-pengusaha yang berminat untuk menceburi bidang pengeluaran benih ini secara intensif dan seterusnya membantu kearah perkembangan industri akuakultur negara.

Ahmad Tajuddin Z., H.P. Chuah, A. Haron and A. Zahari.1986. Induced Breeding technique for some of the cyprinid foodfishes in Malacca. Proc. Intl. Conf. Dev. Managt. Trop. Living Aquat. Resources. Serdang, Malaysia. 2 – 5 Aug. 1983. P. 44-51.

Abstract
Refinements of induced breeding techniques for Hypopthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Puntius gonionotus, Labeo rohita and Leptobarbus hoevenii are presented. Fractional injections with homoplastic or heteroplastic pituitary extracts, with or without Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), were given to female broodstock. Comparisons of the induction of ovulation were made on the various sequences of injections. Some aspects of the reproductive biology and larval rearing are briefly discussed.

Ang Kok–Jee.1973. The Reproductive Patterns and Maturation of the gonads in an Aquarium Fish, Betta Pugnax (Cantor) MARDI Res. Bull. 1, 1:55 – 68 (1973).

Abstract
The reproductive pattern and maturation of the gonads of Betta pugnax were investigated. This species matures at 4 cm. standard length and 110-120 days old. It is an omnivore, feeding largely on terrestrial insects. Feeding is more pronounced during rainy seasons. The G.S.I. and breeding condition of the fish indicate that B. pugnax breeds throughout the year, but more predominantly during rainy seasons. Seasonal predominance of breeding seems to be influenced more by rainfall than food supply.

Ang Kok–Jee and Lim Teck Jin.1974. Breeding Biology and larval development with note on its Management – Part 1. MARDI Res. Bull. 2.2.1974 : (71-80).

Abstract
The breeding biology an larvae development of Angelfish have been described. There are few secondary sexual differences immature fish. In the adult, the head of the male is convex and when viewed had on, the abdomen of the male appears concave while it is convex in the female. The taxonomic status of the genus has been discussed. The spawning behaviour of this species is quite elaborate. About 350 to 1300 eggs are laid at each spawning and the eggs take about 2 to 3 days to hatch. The larvae become free swimming within 3 to 4 days. The larva resembles the adult in a period of about one-month. A brief note on the breeding technique an management of Angelfish has been given.

Ang Kok–Jee.1974. Biology of Angelfish Part II. Growth and Maturation of the Gonads. MARDI Res.Bull. 4.2.1974 : (51-62).

Abstract
The growth and maturation of the gonads of Angelfish in a 0.01 acre (0.004 hectare) pond has been studied. The general morphology of the ovary and testis has been described. The Oocytes were arbitrarily divided into four stages: Oocytes 1, Oocytes II, Oocytes III and Oocytes IV. In the testis, the following germ cells can be recognized: primary germ cell, spermatogonia, mature when their standard length is 4.5 cm. and when there are 130 days old. All fishes become mature when their standard length is 4.5 cm. and when there are 130 days old. All fish become mature at 5.18 cm. in standard length and when they are 160 days old. The eggs undergo regression and the sperms undergo phagocytosis in the gonads of adult unspawned fish. Growth rate was rapid in the early stages of the fish life cycle. The fish is an omnivore. Higher fecundity was observed in fish of 5.0 to 5.5 cm. in standard length.

Ang K.J.1975. Growth and maturation of the Gonads in some Malaysian Anabantidae. MARDI Report No. 29, 1975: (1-19).

Abstract
The larval development of B. pugnax, and T.vittatus and growth of B.pugnax, T. vittatus and trichoptrus were studied. The larval development in B.pugnax and T.vittatus is generally similar though there are differences in the period of differentiation of the various organs. Growth rate among the species differs with B.pugnax growing faster than T.vittatus and T. trichopterus. However, the growth pattern is similar in the species in comprising prematurity accelerated rate and a post-maturity decelerated rate. Various stages of gonadal development are similar in T.vittatus and T. trichopterus and these are correlated with the growth pattern of the species.

Barlow, C.G.1979. Egg incubation and larval rearing of red Oscar Astronotus ocellatus (Pisces: Cichlidae). MARDI Research Bulletin, 7(2) : 135 – 141.

Abstract
A series of experiments was conducted to determine the optimal method of incubating the eggs and raising the larvae of Astronotus ocellatus.
The percentage hatching with respect to egg density followed a quadratic trend. Superior hatching was shown with eggs spawned onto tiles, which were gently removed to the hatching basins, as compared to eggs siphoned from the spawning tanks to the hatching basins.
A coarse sand substrate gave better survival of the yolk-sac larvae than did a smooth plastic substrate. For the free-swimming larvae, water containing unidentified green algae was beneficial to growth and survival. Direct sunlight stimulated growth, but the result may have been partially or wholly attributed to the higher temperatures concomitant with the direct sunlight. A darkened environment had no effect on growth of survival.

Chuah, H.P. and A.G Nor Azman.1988. The Production of all-red batches of Tilapia fry. Prosiding Seminar Penyelidikan Perikanan. 59-63 pp.

Abstract
The red tilapia hybrid shows a variety of colour shades and patterns. Colour selection was conducted to produce batches of tilapia which were 100% red in terms of red to non-red fry. Breeders chosen from batches in which all the siblings were red gave rise to all-red progenies. Three generations of all-red tilapia or no black sport also gave rise to significantly higher percentages of red tilapia fry : 98.0% in ponds where the breeders were selected, compared to 62.3% in ponds where the breeders were unselected.

Chuah, H.P,1989. Recent advances in breeding and culture system of ornamental fish. A paper presented at the Aquarium Fish Seminar, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur, September 1989. 17 pp.

Abstract
Recent advances in breeding ornamental fish are briefly reported. Significant developments are noted in nutrition. Formulated diets are needed to meet the requirements of broodstock and fry alike. Hormonal manipulation is a potential area of development in breeding ornamentals. The application of genetics to breeding is discussed and some simple techniques to improve broodstock are suggested. Brief descriptions of a proper culture system are also reported.

F.Y.Chen, M. Chow and B.K. Sim.1969. Induced Spawning of the three Major Chinese Carps in Malacca, Malaysia. The Malaysian Agricultural Journal Vol. 47. No.2. July 1969 : (211-238).

Abstract
With the knowledge gained from the histological studies on the development of grass carp oocytes in the tropics induced spawning of the three major Chinese carps by hypophysial injection has been successful. Research on the techniques concerned with spawning induction was carried out on four main lines of investigations: - (a) selection of spawners and donors, (b) induced ovulation, (c) artificial fertilization, (d) hatching and the feeding of hatchlings. For successful ovulation and fertilization of the Chinese carps the correct selection of both spawners and donors was found to be of utmost importance.
The history of the studies on induced spawning of the grass carp carried out at the Tropical Fish Culture Research Institute, Malacca, is briefly discussed together with the effects of flow and the injections of mammalian hormones and fish pituitary extracts. It is believed that an LH-like gonadotropin present in the pituitary of the ripe Cyprinid donor may be the key hormone responsible for the induction of ovulation in these carps.
The results of the induced spawning experiments showed that in the warm and equable climate of Malaysia two or even three spawning cycles might be encountered and that food might be the overriding factor controlling the onset of yolk deposition in fish oocytes and the time of gonadal maturity in the Chinese carps. It is believed, therefore, that by manipulation of the feeding regime their spawning cycles could be controlled and staggered and this would provide greater possibilities for fish farming in the tropics.

Chuah Hean Peng.1993. A Preliminary Study Of The Zooplankton In Lake Kenyir And Semenyih. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 210-218 pp.

Abstract
Zooplankton from four stations each were examined for Lake Kenyir and Semenyih Dam. Fifteen species of rotifer from 8 families, and 7 species of cladocerans from 5 families were recorded. The most common rotifer was Brachionus caudatus which was present in all but one sample. Of the cladocerans, Bosminopsis deitersi was found in all the samples from the two water-bodies though it was not abundant. It general, Lake Kenyir has a richer species diversity that Semenyih Dam: 18 species in the former, and 12 species in the latter. Six species of cyclopoid copepodes were also recorded from a brief scan on the samples.

Chuah, H.P, Jamaludin, I. Zahari,A. and Ramley, A.B.1993. A Limnological Study Of Lake Kenyir, Trengganu, Malaysia. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 227-233 pp.

Abstract
A study on the development and management of Malaysian lakes and reservoirs is being conducted using Lake Kenyir as representative of deep tropical reservoirs. Limnology is one of the four major disciplines of research undertaken in the programme. Three sites were selected for regular limnological observations. Information derived from the overall programme will be used to determine how best to conserve existing fish communities, and to optimize fish production.
Key words : Malaysia, reservoir, limnology.

Chuah Hean Peng dan Zahari b. Awang.1993. Empangan Timah Tasoh: Laporan Khas Tentang Kematian Ikan Secara Besar-Besaran. Laporan-Loporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 234-243 pp.

Pengenalan
Pada 11 Jun 1993, suatu laporan kematian secara besar-besaran ikan-ikan di merata-merata kawasan di Empangan Timah-Tasoh. Pada hari-hari yang berikutan, bilangan ikan yang mati telah meningkat. Air di Empangan Timah-Tasoh juga mula berbau busuk. Pihak-pihak yang berkaitan telah dihubungi untuk menjalankan siasatan tentang kematian ikan secara besar-besaran itu. Di antara agensi-agensi yang terlibat di dalam siasatan ialah Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Jabatan Kerja Raya, Pajabat Daerah, Kementerian Kesihatan, Jabatan Kimia, serta Jabatan Perikanan yang diwakili oleh Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan (Pulau Pinang), Pulat Penyelidikan Benih Udang Kebangsaan (Pulau Sayak, Kedah) dan Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar (Batu Berendam, Melaka). Laporan ini adalah keputusan daripada siasatan yang dijalankan oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar.
Siasatan ini telah dilakukan pada 16-17 Jun 1993 dan meliputi aspek-aspek yang berikut :
i)     Menentukan kawasan-kawasan di mana ikan yang mati di dapati;
ii)    Menentukan spesies-spesies ikan yang terlibat;
iii)    Menjalankan kajian kualiti air; dan
iv)    Menjalankan pemeriksaan ke atas ikan-ikan yang sakit.

Faris, A.; Siti Zahrah, A.; Rokiah, A.L. and Thomas, A. 1994. Neurotoxin-like effects of Vibrio anguillarum estracellular toxin on Malaysia aquaculture Eels, Catfish and Tilapia.

Summary
A novel Vibrio anguillarum toxin convulsions/contortive of eels, tilapia and catfish and fore/hind-leg paralysis & respiratory arrest of Balb/C mice. These observations suggest that certain Vibrio anguillarum strains possess a neurotoxin capable of triggering neuroexcitatory responses. The toxin is also lethal.

Freshwater Fish Research Centre (FFRC) Batu Berendam, Melaka, Malaysia. 1990. Research programme for the development of lakes and reservoirs for fish production.

Introduction
A research programme on reservoirs in Malaysia was drawn up after discussions between the staff of FFRC, Batu Berendam and the experts from DFCF, Wageningen following their visit to FFRC, from 28 August to 7 September, 1990. The programme is part of a workplan of component 2 of the ASEAN-EEC Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (AADCP).
The research programme will commence virtually from scratch and FFRC scientists will be devoting a significant portion of their time to this activity. The research programme will be based upon the hypothesis that new and developing reservoirs, like Kenyir and Semenyih in Malaysia (Table 1), are relatively low in fish life due to the absence of species of fish that are typically lacustrine, and because riverine species confine themselves mainly to river outlets and shallow littoral regions of the lakes. The study requires a database on Malaysian fish species, including ecological information on feeding habits and reproduction.
At the present moment the major aim is to develop and carry out sampling programme in Kenyir and Semenyih reservoirs for the period September, 1990 to August, 1991, though the work-plan of the project provides for reservoir studies to be carried out until December, 1993.
Limnological and zooplankton studies will begin in September, 1990 in both reservoirs (Kenyir and Semenyih). The fishery of Kenyir Reservoir (37,000 ha) will be observed. Fishing is not allowed in Semenyih Reservoir (350 ha). However, the Semenyih Reservoir will be sampled for its fish stock as soon gill-nets of suitable design have been acquired. A similar sampling programme will be commenced in Kenyir Reservoir when a suitable sampling method has been determined.
The initial experience gained from the sampling and data-processing techniques will be of advantage to the 3 FFRC scientists who will visit Europe in 1991. These scientists may in a better position to discuss with counterparts in Europe the data acquired and problems faced. The first candidate to participate in the staff exchange programme, may attend a six-week international training course on "Collection and Analysis of Data Relevant for Fisheries Management for Tropical Fisheries" to be held in Wageningen in January and February, 1991. Other FFRC scientists in the exchange programme (two more in 1991; three in 1992; three in 1993) will plan their programme of study in due course (Annex 1).
In order to upgrade the capabilities of Malaysian scientists, and for that matter, scientists in the ASEAN region in reservoir studies, the workplan of the overall project provides for 2 training courses and 2 workshops (Annex 2). The first training workshop on "Ecology and Fish Stock Assessment", scheduled for June, 1991, is expected to be held in Kuala Trengganu. The training course will enable scientists in the region to get together and to interact on the subject of reservoir fisheries. In this regard, it is necessary that the database on ASEAN reservoirs be compiled as soon as possible, including the morphological character of the largest reservoir ecology and fisheries will be made by DFCF and FFRC.
In addition, two candidates from FFRC will pursue a 2-year Masters degree programme in an EEC university of their choice.

Ismail, A.H. and Siti Zahrah, A. Fish Quarantine In Malaysia.

Abstract
Establishment of quarantine procedures for imported live fishes into Malaysia was initiated quite recently. Infrastructural development of Fish Quarantine and Fish Health Centres only began in early 1991. These Centres were planned to be multifunctional, catering both the requirements for fish quarantine as well as facilitating export of live fishes. It was acknowledged in the paper that effective implementation of fish quarantine system requires vigorous support from al parties, including government agencies, academic institutions and not least the cooperation of those directly affected by the implementation of the system. This paper also discussed the expertise and fish diagnostic capabilities presently available in Malaysia.

Summary
Cage culture of bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, without supplementary feeding, was initiated at the Durian Tunggal Reservoir Melaka in august 1980. In the first trial, fingerlings of average weight 12g were stocked in nine cages each measuring 5 x 5 x 2.5m using three stocking densities of 6, 12 and 24 fish/m³ submerged cage volume. The fish grew to average final weight of 997g, 644g and 490g respectively after 244 days of culture. The difference was significant (P<0.05). Significant difference in the survival rates were also observed among the stocking densities. Although the yield increased with increasing stocking densities, the difference was not significant. In the second trial, cages measuring 3.65 x 3.65 x 2m each, were used and constructed in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design. Fingerlings of average weights ranging between 51 and 62g, were stocked in three stocking densities of 6, 12 and 18 fish/m³ submerged cage volume. No significant differences in the average final weights, survival rates and yield were observed among the three stocking densities tested. However, there was a significant difference in the average final weights among the three rows of cages perpendicular to the reservoir (P< 0.05). The growth performance of Bighead carp recorded in these trials, especially in relation to the water quality of the reservoir was also discussed.

Jamaluddin, I., Nik Haiha, N. Y., Siti Azamah, M. Teknik-Teknik Pengkulturan Daphina magna. Risalah Perikanan Bil.66. 11pp.

Ringkasan
Benih ikan yang berkualiti merupakan faktor yang penting di dalam memastikan kejayaan ternakan ikan. Kualiti benih ini boleh dipertingkatkan memalui perkembangan teknik pembiakan terkawal, manipulasi genitik dan juga melalui pemakanan secara intensif dengan makanan yang betul di peringkat awal kehidupannaya.
Kepentingan makanan hidup terutamanya zooplankton untuk kejayaan dalam asuhan benih dan di dalam pengagaan dan propagasi ikan akuarium telahpun ditekanan oleh Ali Kunhi (1952,1955, dilaporkan oleh Vijverberg, 1989) yang dapat menandangi penggunaan makanan hidup di dalam proses asuhan benih ikan.Oleh yang demikian,penyediaan makanan hidup untuk makanan benih ikan dan juga untuk ikan dewasa terutamanya untuk spesies yang kecil dan ternakan ikan hiasan.
Risalah ini membincangkan serba ringkas mengenai aspek-aspek pengkulturan secara mudah dan ekonomi sejenis spesies makanan hidup, Daphnia sp. Spesies ini mengandungi kepekatan haemoglobin yang tinggi, iaitu sejenis pigment protein yang kaya dengan zat makanan untuk tumbesaran ikan (Master,1975). Adalah diharap risalah ini akan dijadikan sebagai panduan oleh pengendali-pengendali hacteri di dalam mengamalkan pendekatan yang mudah dalam menjalankan penternakan.

Jamaludin, I. and Zahari, A.1993 . Kajian Limnologi Ke atas Tasik-Tasik Di Semenanjung Malaysia Bagi Pembangunan Perikanan Darat. Laporan-Laporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 19-38 pp.

Abstract
Physico-chemical and biological studies on parameters important to fisheries were carried out in 6 lakes, from June, 1986 to November, 1987. Three types of lakes were determined based upon water quality and age of the lake.
Chemical features of the water in 6 lakes were found to be suitable for fish culture considering the unexploited natural resources in these lakes. Values such as pH (5.9-8.9), dissolved oxygen (4.5-12.7 mg/l) and ammonia (0.04-1.17 mg/l) are considered to be suitable for fish life.
Physical (temperature, depth, colour of water, water turbidity) and biological features (primary productivity, plankton biomass) were found to fluctuate from time to time, under environmental influence.
At Bukit Merah Lake in Perak it was observed that fishing activity was actively in progress, whereas in other lakes this was not so, allowing the natural living resources in these to remain unexploited.
Perkataan utama : Limnologi, tasik, mutu air , productiviti primer, plankton, ikan.

Jamaludin B.I, Chuah Hean Peng and W.L.T.Van Dansen. 1993. Zooplankton Dynamics And Prouction In Kenyir And Semenyih Reservoir, Malaysia. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 257-258 pp..

Abstract
The spatial and temporal density variations of copepods and cladocerans in two Malaysian reservoirs were studied from January 1992 to January 1993. The two reservoirs studied (Semenyih and Kenyir) are typical deep tropical reservoirs which has been built in hilly areas. The analyses are based on the density of zooplankton taxa which might be important for the planktivorous fish which may be present in the reservoirs. The study aimed also to estimate the standing crop biomass and production of both reservoirs.
Both reservoir have a similar species composition with two species of cyclopoid copepods i.e Thermocyclops decipiens and Mesocyclops c.f. thermocyclops and 3 dominant cladocerans i.e Diaphanosoma excisum, Moina micrura and Ceriodaphnia cornuta in Semenyih; Ceriodaphnia, Diaphanosoma and Bosminopsis deitersi in Kenyir. Moina and Bosminopsis density patterns are strongly influence by date. The same situation also hold for dominant cladocerans (Diaphanosoma and Ceriodaphnia) in Kenyir.
Date and sampling depth showed a strong effect on the density of copepodids and adult Mesocyclops and Thermocyclops in Semenyih. Moina and Diaphanosoma density patterns are strongly influence by date. The same situation lso hold for dominant cladocerans (Diaphanosoma and Ceriodaphnia) in Kenyir. Location has a strong effect on the density of all taxa except Bosminopsis and Diaphanosoma and Ceriodaphnia in Kenyir. There was a marked difference in density between the flooded river system and the open, pelagic area of the Kenyir Reservoir.
In Semenyih the copepodids, Mesocyclops, Thermocyclops and Diaphanosoma were abundant during October and January and there is an indication that this coincides with dry period in both months. In Kenyir the nauplii, copepodids and Diaphanosoma were dominant during the wet season in December.
The representatives of the major zooplankton taxa are moving upward during the day especially in Semenyih. The vertical migration of Diaphanosoma in Kenyir covers a larger range in the water collumn than Ceriodaphnia.
From length frequency analysis, it shows that all the dominant cladocerans in both reservoir are smaller in size when compared to the same species in other tropical reservoirs.
The biomass was calculated by using length-dry weight relationships per species taken from the literature. Copepods and cladocerans were of equal importance in the biomass of both reservoirs.  Copepods dominate the biomass by 61% and 58% for Semenyih and Kenyir respectively. The cladoceran Diaphanosoma contributes considerably to the total biomass, both in Semenyih (38%) and Kenyir (20.5%). High values of standing stock biomass up to 135.74 mg dw m^-2 in Semenyih were found in January and lower during the rest of the year. In Kenyir a slightly larger biomass 166 mg dw m^-2 was found in December.
The production rate of the most important zooplankton taxa were calculated by assuming a P/B ratio 3 yr^-1 . Average total production was estimated 2.02 and 2.09 gm dwm^-2yr^-1 for both reservoirs. Both biomass and production are much lower when compares to other reservoirs in tropical regions.
Key words: Crustacean zooplankton, spatial and temporal density, pelagic area, biomass and production.

Lee Chan Lui and Wade, A.1973. Production of semen in Puntius gonionotus induced by Fractionated fish Pituitary extracts. MARDI Res. Bull. 1, 2: 48-57 (1973).

Abstract
A polypeptide component, with a molecular weight of 31,200, was separated from whole pituitary of the freshwater species Hypophthalmichthys molitrix by a gel filtration procedure. It was shown to promote release of semen after injection into mature male Puntius gonionotus; its effect was of limited duration. A further component (MW circa 19,700), containing protein and nucleic acid, produced a weak semen releasing effect. A major component of high molecular weight was shown to be inactive.

Maznah, O., Zulkafli, A. R. dan Zahari. A.1993. Kajian Perbandingan Mutuair Sungai Melaka Di Antara Tahun 1988 Dengan 1968. Laporan-Loporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 39-47 pp.

Abstract
Comparative study on water quality of Sungai Melaka in the year 1968 and 1988 was carried out. It was observed that the parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, ammonia and phosphate show a highly significant difference (P<0.01) while the alkalinity differ significantly at P<0.05. On the other hand the values of pH, nitrate and iron were not significantly different (P>0.05)

Mohamad-Zaini S. Pembiakan Aruhan Dan Pengeluaran Benih Ikan Sebarau Hampala macrolepidota. Buletin Perikanan No. 82. 13 pp.

Pendahuluan
Ikan Sebarau(Hampala macrolepidota) merupakan satu jenis ikan siprind yang banyak ditemukan di sungai-sumgai berarus di Malaysia. Dikalangan nelayan darat ikan ini terkenal kerana ia mudah ditangkap sama ada dengan menggunakan jaring atau pancing. Ia juga sangat digemari kerana rasanya yang sedap. Spesies ini merupakan salah satu jenis ikan pancing (sport fish) yang terkenal dan berharga mahal. Saiz pasaran adalah di antara 200-300mm.
Penangkap ikan secara berlebihan dari semasa akan mengakibatkan sumber semulajadinya semakin berkurangan. Menyedari hal ini,pada awal tahun 1989,Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar (PPPAT), Batu Berendam, Melaka, telah mengambil langkah membiaknya secara aruhan. Walau bagaimanapun, pembiakan aruhan iakan ini pernah dijalankan di Universiti Pertanian (UPM) Serdang, Selangor pada tahun 1982 dan berjaya memeliharanya sehingga keperingkat rega. Daripada penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan, PPPAT telah berjaya menjalankan pembiakan aruhan ke atas induk-induk yang dikutip dari sungai dan diternak mencapai kematangan seks dan seterusnya menghasikan benih yang boleh dipasarkan (2.5-3.0cm).
Selain daripada digunakan sebagai makanan,ikan ini juga berpontesi sebagai ikan hiasan yang mempunyai pasaran yang baik dan harga yang tinggi di negara ini kerana ia mempunyai warna badan yang cantik.Tujuan buku ini adalahu untuk memberi panduan tentang pembiakan ikan ini secara komersial.Panduan ini berasaskan pengetahuan yang diperolehi daripada hasil kajian yang telah dijalankan di PPPAT, Batu Berendam, Melaka.

Mohamad-Zaini, S., and K. Saadon.1990. Pembiakan Aruhan Katla (Catla catla) Menggunakan Hormon Kelenjar Pituitary Heteroplastik dan Human Chrionic Gonadotrophin.  In: Proceedings of Fisheries Research Seminar, 27-29 June, 1988, pp. 84-89.

Abstrak
Pembiakan aruhan menggunakan hormon kelenjar pituitari dan human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) telah dijalankan keatas Katla (Catla Catla). Gabungan suntikan ekstrak kelenjar pituitari dan HCG yang diberikan kepada induk betina Katla menghasilkan peatus kejayaan pembiakan aruhan yang tinggi.
Aspek-aspek biologi pembiakan seperti umur dan berat kematangan seksual pertama, musim pembiakan, indeks gonadosomatik dan daya biak dibincangkan dengan serba ringkas.

Mohamad Zaini, S., A. Suhairi and I. Jamaludin,1994. Seed production and culture of Red Pomfret (Piaractus brachypomus) in Malaysia. A paper presented at the Malaysian Fisheries Society Seminar- Aquaculture Practices in Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, 28-29 March 1994.

Abstract
The ‘Pacu’ (Piaractus brachypomus) was promoted by The Department of Fisheries as ‘Freshwater Red Pomfret’. This native fish of the Amazon and Orinoco River systems of South America remains controversial because the morphological feature of the juvenile has a close resemblance to the piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri) a carnivore noted for its ferocity.
The Batu Berendam Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre, Melaka did the first successful induced breeding of red pomfret, in 1989. The hypophysal injection intramuscularly i.e. The combined dosage of hypophysis extract and a synthetic HCG hormone produced about 3-4 million fry per year and most of them were supplied to prospective farmers.
Experiments showed that red pomfret can tolerate very low dissolved oxygen. It was considered as a hardy and excellent fish to be cultured in Malaysia. The pond cultured of red pomfret can produce about 8.0 t/ha per year. This species is not only for culture but also has a potential for lucrative industry as an ornamental fish.

Mohd.Zaini, S., Saadon, K., and Omar, A.B.1994. Ovaprim - satu teknologi baru pembiakan ikan akuarium. Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., IV: 257-260.

Abstract
The use of hormone for inducement of ovulation is still limited in aquarium fish breeding. A major breakthrough in fish breeding research was a discovery of a combination of an analogue of releasing hormone from Salmon (sGnRHa) and dopamine antagonist in a stable solution, commercially known as ‘Ovaprim’ has been demonstrated to be effective in a variety of freshwater and saltwater fishes. Experiments have been done on the red-tail tinfoil barb (Puntius altus) and the tinfoil barb (Puntius schwanenfeldii) using Ovaprim at dosages of 0.2ml, 0.3ml and 0.4ml per kg BW. Positive effects and a higher percentage of success have been achieved compared to the use of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) and carp pituitary extract.

Mohamad-Zaini, S., Siti Zahrah, A., Omar, A. B.1995. Pembiakan Ikan Discus (Symphysodon discus). Risalah Perikanan Bil. 62.17pp.

Ringkasan
Untuk memulakan pembiakan Ikan Discus sama ada secara kecil-kecilan mahupun secara komersil kita sering dikaitkan dengan kerumitan penjagaanya seperti perlunya mengawasi kualiti air, penukaran air setiap hari, penyakit yang sering menyerang induk dan anaknaya dan pemakanannya yang sangat cerewet. Memandangkan halangan dan risiko yang bakal dihadapi ini ramai penternak masih ragu-ragu untuk memulakan usaha membiak Ikan Discus. Walaupun menjanjikan pulangan yang baik.Risalah ini membincangkan serba ringkas aspek-aspek penjagaan induk dan anak ikan Discus secara mudah dan ekonomi. Bermula dari penjagaan mutu air sehinggalah mengadun ramuan makanan basah untuk induk dan anak dinyatakan sebagai panduan kepada mereka yang masih belum berpengalaman untuk menjalankan ternakan dan pembiakan ikan ini. Walau bagaimanapun ramuan yang dicadangkan boleh ditambah dan dipebagaikan dengan berbagai-bagai makanan tambahan yang dapat menggalakkan tumbesaran dan warna ikan. Di samping itu latarbelakang beberapa jenis penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Protozoa, Monogenea dan lain-lain yang sering menyerang. Ikan Discus di berbagai-bagai peringkat umur serta kaedah rawatannya juga dibincangkan sebagai paduan kepada penternak yang kemungkinan akan menghadapi maslah ini.

Mohamad-Zaini, S. Pembiakan Ikan Arowana Scleropages formosus (Muller & Schlegel). Risalah Perikanan Bil. 67. 17pp.

Ringkasan
Risalah ini memberikan maklumat mengenai aspek pembiakan di dalam kurungan ikan Arowana Scleropages formosus (Muller & Schlegel), yang diperolehi daripada kajian yang telah dijalankan di Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka dan maklumat dari ladang swasta. Ikan Arowana mempunyai sifat biologi pembiakan yang unik. Induk jantan mengeramkan telur yang telah tersenyawa di dalam mulutnya sehingga dua bulan. Telur ikan yang dieram di dalam mulut ini pula boleh dikeluarkan dan dieramkan secara in vitro di dalam akuarium.Pengeraman cara tiruan ini menghasilkan kadar kemandirian yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan pengeraman semula jadi oleh induk jantan.Seekor induk jantan dapat menghasilkan purata jumlah telur sebanyak 30 biji. Dihabitat semulajadi ikan ini membiak bermusim setahun sekali iaitu antara bulan Jun-Ogos. Ikan yang dipelihara di dalam kolam pula dapat membiak sepanjang tahun.

Mohamad-Zaini S., K.Saadon, A. Mansor dan H.A.B. Omar.1996. Pembiakan Ikan Biji Durian (Sphaerichthys osphromenoides) Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., 1996: 284-289.

Abstract
Blackwater area has a very rich biodiversity of fish fauna. There were 47 species of fish found from the blackwater sites in North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest. Among the blackwater species collected, 27 were recognised as already or having very good potential to be exploited for aquarium industry (Peter et. al, 1992). The species appeared to be confined to the highly acidic, dark-colored water was known as stenotopic acid blackwater species. They thrive and breed well in such habitat. A study has been done to establish a commercial breeding technique of some good potential of blackwater fish for aquarium trade. One of the stenotopic acid blackwater species, is Chocolate gourami, Sphearichthys osphromenoides, known to be a highly priced and popular aquarium fish, were acquired from peat soil area in Muar, Johor. The wild fish need to be tamed/domesticated before they were reared to maturity in tanks. The wild fish can only be reared in tanks with blackwater. The artificial tannin-stained blackwater was prepared by soaking sphagnum peat moss in water to reduce pH to around 5-6. The adult Chocolate Gourami prefers live foods such as Moina sp. Daphnia magna and mosquito larvae. The rearing tanks were provided with an artificial living condition. After 2 months of pre-conditioning, the fish succeeded to breed naturally in glass tanks. Approximately 50-80 cream-colored eggs were produced for every spawn. The eggs were incubated in the throat pouch of the female. The fry were released after 14 – 16 days of incubation. The size of newly released fry ranged from 0.4 – 0.5 cm in length. The fry fed with nauplii of Artemia sp grow very quickly. Tank reared fry can attained the length of 2.6 cm and weight of 2.5 g in two months. At the age of 3 months, when the length attained 3.0 – 3.5 cm the fry can be marketed. The percentage of survival was around 50% and the maximum percentage of survival reached 74%.

Mohamad-Zaini, S.1998. Keadah Pembiakan Ikan Hiasan. Buku Panduan Bil 1/98. 52pp.

Pengenalan
Di Malaysia terdapat berbagai-bagai jenis ikan air tawar, dan dianggarkan terdapat lebih daripada 250 spesies. Daripada jumlah itu,1/3 daripadanya berpotensi sebagai ikan hiasan. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya bebarapa spesies sahaja yang dibiakkan secara meluas dan komersial seperti sepat ronggeng (Trichogaster trichopterus), sepat mutiara (Trichogaster leeri), ikan kalui (Osphronemus goramy), jenis-jenis barb seperti Tiger barb(Barbus tetrazona) dan jenis Danio (Brachydanio sp). Sebahagian besar daripada ikan hiasan dihasikan di negara ini adalah jenis eksotik seperti ikan daripada famili Characidae yang berasal dari Amerika Selatan, ikan Cichlidae yang kebanyakannya berasal dari Afrika dan sebahagian besar ikan daripada famili Cyprinidae berasal dari negara-negara Asia.Keadaan iklim dan persekitaran negara kita yang sangat sesuai menjadi faktor utama umtuk penghasilan ikan-ikan hiasan.Pengusaha ikan hiasan yang telah lama terlibat dalam pebghasilan benih ikan hiasan secara komersil mempunyai banyak pengalaman dalam bidang pembiakan.Teknologi pembiakan yang mereka amalkan adalah hasil dari pengalaman tersebut.Bahan-bahan yang dipaparkan di dalam buku ini adalah sebagai rujukan bagi mereka yang ingin berkongsi pengalaman dalam bidang ini.

Mohamad-Zaini, S. and Japar Sidik, B., Tumbuhan Akuatik Di Taman Pertanian Malaysia Bukit Cahaya Seri Alam, Shah Alam, Selangor. 36pp.

Pendahuluan
Pemerhatian telah dijalankan oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, Melaka di 5 buah lokosi perairan di Taman Pertanian Malaysia dalam bulan Mei hingga Jun 1993. Tumbuhan akuatik yang ditemukan telah diambil gambar dan sebahagian daripada sampel tumbuhan telah di bawa ke makmal untuk dikenalpasti. Pengenalan spesis tumbuhan ini telah dijalankan oleh Dr. Japar Sidik Bujang seorang pensayarah di Fakulti Perikanan dan Sains Samudera,Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang Selangor. Dari pengenalpastian yang telah dijalankan tumbuhan akuatik ini dapat dibahagiankan kepada 3 kategori iaitu:
i. Tumbuhan Pteridophyta iaitu Pakis air
ii. Tumbuhan Aginospermae Monokot
iii.Tumbuhan Angiospermae Dikot
Di samping itu tumbuhan ini juga diketogeri mengikut tabiat hidupnya di sekitaran semulajadi. Kategori ini adalah Termuncul, Terapung, Tenggalam dan Separa Akuatik. Pemberian istilah kategori di atas adalah seperti berikut:
a. Termuncul - Tumbuhan yang berakar di tanah, bahagian daun, batang pada paras air, contohnya Nymphiodes indica, Ludwigia adscendens.
b. Terapung - Tumbuhan yang berakar (Azolla pinnata, Eichorrnia crassipes) dan ada tumbuhan yang tidak mempunyai akar(Utricularia aurea, Salvinia molesta) terapung bebas di atas permukaan air.
c. Tenggelam/- Tumbuhan berakar di tanah.Daun dan Terendam batangnya sentiasa terendam di dalam air. Contohnya Blyxa aubertii, Otellia alismoides.
d. Separa - Tumbuhan yang terdapat di akuatik kawasan lembab, tepian kolam, parit dan saliran air. Boleh tumbuh di kawasan yang berair. Contohnya Limnocharis flava,Typha angustifolia.
Di dalam risalah ini juga dinyatakan nama famili,nama saintifik, senarai yang pertama adalah nama saintifik yang digunakan terkini. Manakala di sebelah bawah adalah nama lama atau sinonimnya. Nama biasa diberikan dalam Bahasa Melayu (Mel) dan Bahasa Inggeris (Ing).

Mohd. Arif, O., Ismail, A. K, Zulkafli, A. R and Rais, K. 1993 . A Study On The Physicochemical Properties Of Tengi River With Respect To Its Suitability For Fish Cage Culture. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 1-18 pp.

Abstract
A study on the physicochemical properties of TengiRiver and its 45 km-long canal was carried out from the period of April 1980 to October 1981. Concorrently, two trials on the cage culture of several freshwater fish species were also conducted along the main canal.
The river and its canal is 25m in width and has a constant depth of about 3.5m, thus being morphologically ideal for fish cage culture. Nevertheless, with the exception of the water current (20-30 cms^-1) and temperature (25.0 - 29.6 ^oC) the study has shown that its water was chemically unproductive and not suitable for fish growth. The water was soft and acidic (total hardness: 1.01-18.80 ppm CaCO₃, pH: 3.62-6.12); lowly oxygenated and buffered (dissolved oxygen 1.80 - 4.70 ppm; alkalinity : 1.00 - 8.43 ppm CaCO₃) and high in ammonia (0.07 - 4.56 ppm). The concentrations of the major cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) and anions (CO₃ ,SO₄, CI) were low and unbalanced.
The majority of the Trichogaste pectoralis, Pangius sutchi and Arisichthys nobilis culture in the floating cages died within three months after stocking. The acclimatized fish showed better survival rate but poor growth.
(Key words : water quality, fish cage culture).

Summary
A trial on the integration of poultry and polyculture of fish and prawns was conducted at MARDI pond complex, Melaka in 1992. The three treatments used in the trial were : T1-494/ha chicken, T2-494/ha Pekin duck, T3-247/ha chicken + 247/ha Pekin duck, each of which was reared with a polyculture combination of 14,826/ha Macrobrachium rosenbergii, 618/ha Aristichthys nobilis, 618/ha Puntius gonotus, 370/ha Pangasius sutchi and 370/ha Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Three batches of one-month old poultry were reared over the culture period. A similar polyculture combination receiving inorganic fertilisation with Triple Superphosphate (TSP) and supplementary feeding was used as the control for the trial (T⁰), Each treatment was triplicated and concurrently for 112 days.
The average fish and prawn yields obtained were: T1-1484.75kg/ha, T2-1172.68kg/ha, T3-1378.16kg/ha and T⁰ -973.53kg/ha.Yields from the integrated ponds differed significantly (P<0.053) over the control. The integration with chicken alone (T1) and chicken in combination with ducks (T3) differed significantly (P<0.05) from the integration with ducks alone (T2). The effects of the various treatments on water guality were analysed. This paper also presents the economic analyisis of the individual treatments.

Pathmasothy, S., and T.J. Lim.1990.  The culture of all male, all female and mixed population of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis (Sarotherodon) niloticus (Family Cichlidae) in static ponds.  In: Fisheries Seminar, IPP, Penang, 28-29 June, 1988, pp. 66-74.

Abstract
Culture of all-male, all-female and mixed-sex batches of Oreochromis niloticus, fed with 32% crude protein pellets, was carried out in static ponds. Fish from the all-male culture had the fastest growth rate, with a daily wight gain of 3.31g/day. Males from the mixed-sex culture owing to breeding activity had a slower growth rate,with a wight gain of only 2.39g/day. The growth rate the all-female pond. Breeding activities tend to have a negative effect on the growth rate of the males compared to that of the females. The feed conversion was higher in the breeding ponds compared to that in the non-breeding mono-sex culture ponds.

Pathmasothy, S.1994. A new tilting cage culture system, materials utilized mode of construction and its various advantages. Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., IV: 474-480.

Abstract
This paper introduces the new tilting rigid cage culture system, the materials used and its mode of construction. The advantages of this new system are its simplicity in construction, materials used are easily available anywhere and in terms of management, the very fact that the cages can be tilted above the water level by two persons makes sampling, grading, harvesting and repairing a simple task. The large platform also makes feeding more efficient and safe. In all this system increases the efficiency of production compared to other traditional systems.

Summary
There is a wide variability of the types of feed being utilized in this country for fish and prawns. The main factor determining this phenomenon is the availability of the particular ingredients at each specific location of the country. Based on a survey carried out in Peninsular Malaysia, the commonly and successfully utilized ingredients as feed, along with their proximate analysis are presented. The majority of the ingredients utilized as supplementary diets are usually made are up of waste from food processing factories, and the rest from agricultural by-products. The survey also indicated that a new breed of progressive farmers are now utilizing complete diets using a using a wide range of both local and imported ingredients. The type of feeding practices which vary with farm conditions and types of food used are also presented.
The methods of processing the feeds for fish and prawns however, were similar in most cases and in the case of complete diets, main emphasis was placed on the water stability of the feed. The methods of processing are described in detail. The potential demand for feed in the aquaculture industry has prompted a few feed manufacturers to venture into this field. The viability of such an industry depends on a number of prevailing which are mentioned in this paper.

Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam Melaka. Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia.  Report On Limnological Study Of Reservoirs In Malaysia For Inland Fisheries Development. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 51-117 pp..

Abstract
The physico-chemical and biological survey of parameters significant to fisheries has been studied on six selected reservoirs. We concluded that the reservoirs studied can be divided into three major groups, viz ; lowland old reservoirs (more than 20 years old), lowland new reservoirs at Cameron Highlands). The largest and oldest was Bukit Merah Reservoirs, in Taiping, Perak. The smallest were the three reservoirs are moderate in size (800 ha) and depth and depth of 3-5 meters. They have been built for the purpose of harnessing the hydropower, flood control, irrigation and potable water supply.
Fom the current limnological data almost all the immediate objectives have been achieved. The long term objectives can be realized in the near future with the hardwork and a good planning.
Results showed that the fish production was moderately high throughout the year especially in the Bukit Merah Reservoir. Other reservoirs have no records of fish landings, so, for the future fisheries planning programs the current available data can be used as a guideline to provide additional food fish for the people, either capture fisheries.
Open, water stocking can be tried in other reservoirs in order to increase fish resources with indigenous fish species. This is the main mode of development of reservoir fisheries in foreign countries.
Chemically, the water at six reservoirs, was suitabe for fish culture. The most important water parameters for fish survival such as pH, Dissolved oxygen and Ammonia were the suitable level throughout the year. Thus, the survival of fish is not adversely affected by the water quality.
The main difficulty for the development of reservoir fisheries was the location of the reservoir itself. A few of the reservoirs studied in remote areas and not inhabited. These reservoirs are under security area, but with the construction of good access roads the problem can be overcome.

Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka. Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia. Laporan Kertas Kajian Cadangan Pembangunan Perikanan Bagi Tasik Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, Kedah. Laporan-Loporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 171-177 pp.

Pendahuluan
Di negara ini terdapat banyak tasik-tasik dan empangan yang boleh dimajukan bagi tujuan perikanan -samada perikanan secara komersial ataupun untuk tujuan rekreasi. Pembangunan perikanan secara komersial selalunya melibatkan ternakan ikan dalam sangkar dan tangkapan hasil perikanan dari tasik atau empangan. Pembangunan perikanan dari sudut rekreasi masih belum popular di negara ini walaupun terdapat beberapa pihak swasta yang menjalankannya. Kesemua tempat rekreasi yang dimajukan oleh pihak swasta adalah dengan memajukan bekas-bekas lombong bijih timah. Tasik-tasik semulajadi yang terdapat di negara ini mempunyai bilangan yang kecil. salah satu tasik yang dikenali ramai ialah Tasik Chini di Pahang. Di Kepulauan Langkawi juga terdapat sebuah tasik semulajadi yang agak unik kerana ianya terletak di kawasan batu kapur. Dari segi fiziko-kimia air tasik ini adalah berbeza dari tasik-tasik semulajadi yang terdapat di negara ini. Perbezaan ini bertambah nyata dengan adanya resapan air masin ke dalam tasik ini melalui sebuah permatang yang terdapat di pinggir tasik. Jabatan perikanan Malaysia telahpun menjalankan kajian mutuair di Tasik Dayang Bunting ini yang bertujuan   untuk membangunkan tasik ini dari segi perikanan. Hasil dari kajian yang dijalankan adalah seperti yang dilampirkan bersama (Kertas Teknikal).

Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka. Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia. Kertas Teknikal Laporan Kajian Mutu Air Tasik Dayang Bunting, Langkawi, Kedah. Laporan-Loporan Dan Penyelidikan Mengenai Sungai-Sungai, Tasik-Tasik Dan Empangan-Empangan Di Semenanjung Malaysia. 178-201 pp.

Latarbelakang
Tasik Dayang Bunting adalah merupakan satu tasik semulajadi yang terdapat di kawasan batu kapur di Pulau Tasik Dayang Bunting (Peta 1). Tasik ini dipisahkan oleh sebuah permatang yang berbatu dari kawasan pantai air laut di mana lebar permatang ini adalah dalam lingkungan 2.0-3.5 m.
Di keliling tasik ini ditumbuhi oleh pokok-pokok hutan yang dapat hidup di kawasan batu kapur. Bentuk permukaan tasik adalah berupakan bujur telur di mana kawasan tebingnya amat curam dan mempunyai keluasan seluas 23ha. Dasar tasik ini terdiri dari batu-batan pepejal dan bentuk dasarnya merupakan sebuah kawah. Purata kedalaman air tasik ini adalah dalam lingkungan 16m. Air tasik ini kelihatan jernih dan berwarna kehijauan. Kajian yang dijalankan adalah bagi mendapatkan maklumat asas mengenai mutu air di tasik ini bagi tujuan membangunkan kawasan tasik untuk kegiatan perikanan, khususnya untuk tujuan rekreasi.
Kajian mutuair ini adalah kali kedua yang telah dijalankan Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, terdiri kakitangan Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Airtawar, Batu Berendam dengan kerjasama kakitangan PPN Kedah/Perlis pada 14-16 Julai 1992. Pengangkutan bot dari Jeti Kuah ke Pulau Dayang Bunting telah disediakan oleh Pejabat Perikanan Langkawi, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia. Bot Fiberglass yang digunakan di dalam Tasik Dayang Bunting adalah dipinjam dari Unit Taman Laut Pulau Singa.

Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka.1994. Potensi Ikan Bawal Merah (Colossoma sp.) Untuk Tenakan Di Malaysia. Risalah Perikanan Bil.59. 4pp.

Latarbelakang
Colossoma sp. sejenis ikan air tawar berasal dari perairan Sungai Orinoco dan Amazon,Amerika Selatan.Ia telah dibawa masuk ke negara ini pada awal tahun 80an untuk tujuan ternakan dan sebagai ikan hiasan. Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar ini telah memperolehinya pada tahun 1985 dan berjaya membiakkannya secara aruhan pada tahun 1989.
Colossma sp. telah diternak secara komersil di negara-negara Amerika Latin. Penghasilan yang tinggi telah dicapai iaitu 8.3 tan/ha/tahun, kadar pelepasan 10,000 ikan/ha. Berdasarkan kepada ternakan monokultur separa ekstensif yang diberi makan hasil sampingan pertanian, purata hasil ialah 3 tan/ha/tahun.
Kajian ternakan dalam sangkar juga telah dijalankan oleh beberapa penyelidik seperti Merola dan Cantelmo 1987 dan Merola dan Sanza 1988 yang mendapati spesies ini berpotensi untuk ternakan dalam sangkar.
Di Taiwan ikan C. bidens (Bawal Merah) yang dikenal sebagai ikan bawal air tawar telah berjaya dibiakkan di Cha Nan Fisheries Center, dan mula diternak secara komersil pada tahun 1986.

Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka. Pengurusan Perikanan di Tasik Kenyir. 31pp.

Ringkasan
Tasik Kenyir, yang terletak di Negeri Trengganu, adalah merupakan satu tasik buatan manusia yang terbesar di Malaysia dengan keluasan permukaan airnya seluas 36,900 hektar. Tasik ini telah siap dibina pada tahun 1986 bagi tujuan penjanaan kuasa hidroelektrik dan berupaya menjana 400 Megawatt kuasa elektrik.Pada masa kini, tasik ini adalah merupakan salah satu destinasi pelancongan yang utama berkonsepkan 'ecotourism'. Tasik ini juga merupakan satu sumber perikanan air tawar yang penting. Terdapat 38 spesis ikan asli yang mana sebilangan darinya mempunyai nilai komersial yang tinggi seperti Ikan Kelah, Ikan Baung, Ikan Sebarau, Ikan Toman dan Ikan Lampam sungai. Sejumlah 68 tan metrik ikan telah didaratkan pada tahun 1994 oleh nelayan-nelayan tempatan. Selain dari aktiviti menangkap ikan, ternakan ikan dalam sangkar juga sedang giat diusahakan oleh beberapa orang penternak.
Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia melalui Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka telah menjalankan satu penyelidikan komprehensif di Tasik Kenyir di bawah Rancangan Bersama AADCP(ASEAN-EC Aquaculture Development and Cooperation Program) dari tahun 1990 hingga 1994. Penyelidikan ini merangkumi aspek-aspek penaksiran stok ikan,biologi ikan,limologi dan kesesuaian ternakan ikan dalam sangkar. Analisis keatas data-data yang telah dikumpulkan melalui penyelidikan ini, telah berjaya menghasilkan satu rumusan pelan pengurusan perikanan bagi Tasik Kenyir.
Bagi menentukan sumber-sumber perikanan dapat dikendali dan keadaan alam semulajadi Tasik Kenyir dapat dipelihara, maka Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia telah menyediakan satu pelan induk pengurusan bagi aktiviti-aktiviti perikanan ditasik ini. Objektif-objektif utama pelan induk pengurusan ini adalah:

• memulihara serta menggalakkan pembiakan spesis-spesis ikan asli.
• mempertingkatkan pengeluaran hasil melalui aktiviti- aktiviti akuakultur dan perikanan.
• memaksimakan penggunaan ruang-ruang(niches) yang ada khusus bagi tujuan menambah sumber perikanan melalui program pelepasan benih ikan.
• meningkatkan aktiviti pelancongan berasaskan perikanan melalui sukan memancing (sport-fishing).
• menentukan pembangunan di persekitaran tasik tidak menjejaskan keadaan alam semulajadi.

Untuk mencapai objektif-objektif di atas empat strategi telah dicadangkan:

• pengujudan zon-zon pengirisan khusus(creation of distinctive management zones) iaitu Zon Pemuliharaan, Zon Perikanan,Zon Akuakultur dan Zon Rekreasi.
• Pembangunan industri akuakultur melalui sistem ternakan ikan dalam sangkar.
  pemuliharan alam sekitar bagi menentukan habitat ikan tidak tercemar dan pupus dengan cara pembangunan terancang.
• pengawasan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang secara pendekatan bersepadu antara agensi-angesi yang berkaitan.

Memandangkan berbagai agensi terlibat di dalam rancangan pembangunan Tasik Kenyir secara keseluruhannya, adalah dicadangkan Jabatan Perikanan, sebagai agensi utama, bersama-sama dengan agenci-agenci lain seperti KETENGAH, Jabatan Hutan, Jabatan Perhilitan dan Tenaga Nasionl akan berkerjasama bagi menentukan sumber-sumber perikanan di tasik ini dapat dipelihara.
Di masa-masa yang akan datang, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia melalui Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka akan terus menjalankan program penyelidikan dengan memberi tumpuan yang lebih terhadap kepentingan pemuliharaan habitat-habitat sungai di dalam kitaran hidup spesis ikan di Tasik Kenyir. Penyelidikan di dalam membangunkan kegiatan akuakultur akan juga diperhebatkan bagi menentukan kegiatan di dalam bidang ini akan dapat mencapai tahap yang lebih tinggi. Aspek lain yang akan disentuh ialah mengkaji kesan aktiviti ternakan ikan dalam sangkar keatas mutu air dan hidupan akuatik.

Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka. Fisheries Management of Tasik Kenyir. 31pp.

Summary
Tasik Kenyir, situated in the state of Trengganu, is the largest man-made lake (reservoir) in Malaysia with a total surface area of 36,900 hectares. The construction of the reservoir was completed in 1986 to generate 400 Megawatt of hydroelectric power. Today, the reservoir has become a popular destination for tourism based on ecotourism. The reservoir is also an important freshwater fish source in the country. There are 38 species of freshwater fish found in the reservoir in which some of them have a high commercial value such as Ikan Kelah, Ikan Baung, Ikan Sebarau, Ikan Toman and Ikan Lampam Sungai. A total of 68 metric tonnes of fish has been landed in 1994 alone by the local fishermen. Other than fishing activities, some of the local people have ventured into culturing of fish in floating cages in the reservoir.

The Department of Fisheries Malaysia through Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre, Batu Berendam, Melaka has been carrying out a comprehensive research under the ASEAN-EC Aquaculture Development and Corporation Programme (AADCP) from 1990 to 1994. The research activities include the various aspect of fish stock assessment, fish biology, limnology and the suitability of culturing fish in cages. Thus, the Department of Fisheries has been able to come up with a fisheries management plan for Tasik Kenyir based on the results of the analysis of the data collected during the period.

Thus, in order to manage the fisheries resources and to maintain the natural environment in and around the reservoir, the Department of Fisheries has prepared a management plan for the fisheries activities in the resevoir. The main objectives of the plan are to:

• conserve and propagate the breeding of fish species in the reservoir;
• increase fish production through aquatulture and fisheries activities;
• maximized the use of empty niches in the ecosystem to increase fish production through fish restocking programme;
• increase tourism activities based on fisheries through sport-fishing;
• develop the reservoir without damaging the environment.

Four strategies have been proposed to reach the above objectives:

• creation of distinctive management zones, i.e. Conservation Zone, Fisheries Zone, Aquaculture Zone and Recreational Zone;
• development of aquaculture industry through culturing of fish in cages;
• prevention of fish species from becoming distinct through maintaining of fish breeding habitats by planned development;
• monitoring and enforcement of laws through integrated approach from various agencies.

Since the development of Tasik Kenyir involved various agencies. It is proposed that the Department of Fisheries be appointed to lead in maintaining the fisheries resources together with agencies such as KETENGAH, Jabatan Hutan, Jabatan Perhilitan and Tenaga National.

The Department of Fisheries through Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre will continue to carry out research programmes, in the reservoir with greater emphasis on the importance of maintaining the riverine habitat in the life cycle of fish species in Tasik Kenyir. Research will also be carried out to develop and intensify aquaculture activities to increase fish production. Other aspect of research which will be carried out include the effect of culturing fish in cages to water quality and aquatic life.

Ronald Lanters . A Review Of Malaysian Reservoirs With Special Attention To Their Fisheries. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia.118-170 pp.

Abstract
This study of eight reservoirs in Peninsular Malaysia makes clear that Malaysian reservoirs offer a good opportunity for fishery development. Potential production estimates based upon limnological data give a conservative estimated yield of 15-20 kg per hectare per year. The main problem regarding the fisheries in reservoirs is the almost complete lack of records on fish landings and fishing effort. The start of  monitoring programs to collect these data must have a very high priority.
Small reservoirs can be suitable for research towards fish population dynamics. In this study it was found that Sungai Baru reservoir is unaffected by fishery and therefore a potential study site.

Shaharom-Harrison, F.M.  and A. Siti-Zahrah.1988. Study of trichodinid ectoparasites from bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Lampan jawa Puntius gonionotus in Peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine, 5: 131-137.

Abstract
Four species of trichodinids were studied from the smears of skin and gills of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) from Salak South, Selangor; Enggor, Perak and Batu Berendam, Malacca. Trichodina nobilis, a large trichodinid, was found on bighead carp while Trichodinella epizootica, Tripartiella bulbosa and Trichodina heterodentata, were found on both Bighead and Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Trichodinella epizootica was also found on Puntius gonionotus. The morphology of these trichodinids is described. The surface topography of Trichodinella epizootica is also described using scanning electron microscopy.

Shaharom-Harrison, F.M, I.G. Anderson, A. Siti Zahrah, N.A.M. Shazili, K.J. Ang and T. Azmi.1990.  Epizootics of Malaysian cultured freshwater pond fishes by Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schaperclaus 1954) Lom, 1981. Aquaculture, 86: 127-138.

Abstract
A series of nine epizootics due to the dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium pillulare is reported from Peninsular Malaysia. Although Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Jelawat (Leptobarbus hoevenii), and Bighead Carp (Aristichys nobilis) were infested with this parasite, only Lampam Jawa (Puntius goniontus) was highly susceptible and suffered mass mortalities as a result of a heavy infestation. Water quality parameters were taken from the affected ponds and water inlets. The temperature range of the pond water was 24.5-31.5^oC. The pH range was 5.7- 6.3 for the inlet water and 5.7 -7.4 for the pond water. Ammonia content of the pond water was 0.04 - 1.50mg/1. Scanning electron micrographs showed the ovoid globular shape of the trophonts of P. pillulare. Transmission electron micrographs showed that the theca of Piscinoodinium trophonts consisted of three units membranes with numerous starch granules, lipid droplets and chloroplasts present presence of Piscinoodinium, and a dense covering of mucus. Head and dorsal regions were darker than normal and there were petechia on the body with a slight inflammation at the basal portion of the fins. Histopathological changes were manifested by fusion of the gill lamellae and trophonts were apparent in cavities created by fusion of adjacent lamellae.

S. Thalathiah, H.P. Chuah, O. Ahmad Ashhar.1993. Development Of Malaysian Lakes And Reservoirs For Fish Production. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 254 pp.

Abstract
Under the terms of ASEAN-EC Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme (AADCP), Malaysia has identified a 5-year research programme on"Development of lakes and reservoirs for fish production". Malaysia has more than 100,000 ha of area under artificial inundation formed by construction of dams. This figure is expected to double by the year 2000. The major objectives of the research programme are to investigate these newly formes reservoirs as a potential resource for increasing fish production.
Four major disciplines of research were outlined viz : limnology, Fish Biology, Fish Ecology and Cage Culture. Through this field of research, it is envisaged that these types of water bodies can be evaluated for their suitability for stocking, introduction, capture fisheries and aquaculture. Field observations started at the end of 1990. This paper describes the rationale of conducting research in reservoirs and also discusses some preliminary results based on the first two years of the study programme.
Key word : reservoir, potential resource, fish production, fisheries, stocking, cage culture.

Thalathiah, S.; Mohamad Zaini, S.; Misri, S.1992. Laporan Kemajuan Kajian Biologi Ikan di Empangan Kenyir dan Semenyih Projek Asean-(AADCP).

Latarbelakang
Projek ASEAN-EEC (AADCP) untuk pembangunan akuakultur di Malaysia telah bermula pada penghujung tahun 1990 berikutan satu perjanjian yang telah diadakan di Bangkok pada tahun 1987. Projek ini dibiayai oleh peruntukan daripada negara-negara EEC. Syarat yang telah ditetapkan di bawah program ini ialah wakil dari negara EEC hendaklah dilantik sebagai rakan gabungan (counterpart) menjalankan kajian bersama Jabatan Ternakan Ikan dan Perikanan dari Universiti Pertanian Wageningen, Netherland (Departement of Fish Culture and Fisheries (DFCF) Agricultural University of Wageningen) telah dipilih sebagai rakan gabungan (counterpart) bersama Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Air Tawar.

Thalathiah, S. Zulkafli, A.R. and W.L.T. Van Densen.1993. The Fish Community And The Fishery Of Kenyir And Semenyih Reservoir. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 255-256 pp..

Abstract
For the first stock management in the expending area of Malaysian reservoirs, it is necessary to have knowledge on the development of the fish community structure since the construction of the reservoir, and also of the impact on the commercial or recreational fisheries. The two reservoirs selected for field studies are a small (360 ha) drinking water reservoir in the west of Peninsular Malaysia, located in an area with less predictable rainfall pattern and water level flucuation, and a large dendritic reservoir in the east of Peninsular Malaysia (36,900 ha), wih pronounced increase in water level just after the rainy season in September-November. The reservoirs differ in maximum depth, 35 and 150m respectively, but not much in depth  of the well-oxygenated (> 5 mg.liter^-1) top layer (8-15 m).
Based on gillnet surveys and on sampling the commercial fishery, it is concluded that the fish community in Kenyir Reservoir is more diverse with larger individuals present in the form of the piscivorous Channa micropeltes, Mystus nemurus and Hampala macrolepidota, and the omnivorus-cyprinid Puntius schwanenfeldii. The size ranges of the fish landed in Kenyir Reservoir do not include immature individuals, except in the case of the trap fishery for juvenile m. nemurus. In Semenyih Reservoir, the murrels are represented by the smaller Channa striatus, and the omnivorus Mystacoleucus marginatus which is the most abundant cyprinid. Also, based on the gillnet survey, fish species are more evently distributed in smaller Semenyih Reservoir.
Seasonal reproduction patterns are yet difficult to ascertain from the variation in gonado-somatic index. Puntius schwanenfeldii seems to shed off eggs especially aroun rainy season in Kenyir Reservoir.
The pelagic zone of Kenyir Reservoir is sparsely populated. Only the Corica species seem to utilize the open water zooplankton, but not predominantly. There is no scope yet for introducing small pelagics in Kenyir Reservoir. The estimate for zooplankton production in Kenyir Reservoir is between 24-470 kg wet per weight per hectare per year and for Semenyih between 178-294 kg wet weight per hectare per year. Predator enhancement in Semenyih Reservoir is a possibility, which will be investigated by stocking the carnivorous Lates calcarifer.
Key words: Fish community structure, gillnet survey, commercial fishery, distribution pattern.

Saidin, T.1986. Induced Spawning of Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther), p. 683-686. In J.L. Maclean, L.B. Dizon and L.V. Hosillos (eds). The First Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.

Abstract
Clarias macrocephalus does not spawn in captivity. Various hormones were used on mature female broodstock to determine the optimum dosage for natural oviposition or spawning. Four different agents were assayed at varying dose levels. Homoplastic pituitary extract dosages of 1.5 and 2 units (No. Units = wt. Donor fish/wt. recipient fish) were effective to induce natural oviposition. Heteroplastic pituitary extract from C.batrachus showed a similar pattern. Pangasius sutchi pituitary extract injection was effective at 4 and 6 units, with 4 units being more significant. Human Chorionic Gonadtrophin was effective at 300-400 IU/100 g body weight of female. The analog of leutinizing-releasing hormone (LRH-A) was successful at 1µg, 2µg and 3µg per 100g body weight of female, with level of 2µg100g body weight the most effective dosage.

Saidin, T. and A.F. Othman.1986. Induced spawning of Pangasius Sutchi (Fowler) using an analog of luteinizing releasing hormone and homoplastic pituitary extract, p.687-688. In J.L. Maclean, L.B. Dizon and L.V. Hosillos (eds.). The first Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.

Abstract
Pangasius sutchi, a riverine catfish, did not respond to spawning induction using single injection of an analog of luteinizing releasing hormone (LRH-A). However, when injected with two sequences of injections at varying dose levels, 33% ovulated with stimulatory dosage of 20µg and resolving dose of 30µg LRH-A/kg. Dosages lower and higher produced negative results. Trials using LRH-A in combination with homoplastic pituitary extract (HPE) showed promising results. A stimulatory dose of 1.0 unit of HPE plus 10µg LRH-A/kg followed by a resolving injection of 1.5-2.0 units of HPE plus 20-30µg LRH-A/kg produced 79-85% ovulation. (No. HPE units = wt. donor fish/wt. recipient fish)

Saberi,M., Ibrahim, T and Samsury, K.1996. Induced Spawning of Mystus nemurus (C&V) using Ovaprim. Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., 1996: 273-277.

Abstract
Mystus nemurus was successfully induced to spawn using Ovaprim. Experiment was done using dosages of 0.25 ml/kg, 0.5 ml/kg and 0.75 ml/kg body weight. Administration of 0.5 ml/kg Ovaprim resulted in 100% ovulation with mean hatching rate of 70.0%. A 100% ovulation was also observed with a dosage of 0.75 ml/kg but with a lower mean hatching rate i.e 45.0%. A dosage of 0.25 ml/kg resulted in 66% ovulation with mean hatching rate of 49.4%.

Siti-Azamah, M.1994. Pertumbesaran dan pembiakan Daphnia magna. Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., IV: 441-448.

Abstract
Observations of Daphnia magna were carried out in the laboratory to determine the growth and reproduction of this organism. The organism was placed individually in test tubes and fed with green water. Twelve individuals were observed simultaneously for comparison. Two preliminary experiments were done before the real experiment to get the best result. Daphnia magna started reproducing at 5-8 days old. The mean number of neonates produced per individual was 47. The initial size of Daphnia magna was 0.8 mm and the final size was 5.1 mm.

Siti Norita, M., Mohamad-Zaini S., Nor reha, H., Mohd.Amir, H.A., 1998. Katalog Tumbuhan Akuatik. 107pp.

Pengenalan
Fungsi utama tumbuhan akuatik ialah sebagai hiasan di dalam akurium dan taman-taman akuatik. Di samping itu, ia berfungsi sebagai makanan, tempat perlindungan dan habitat yang sesuai bagi hidupan air terutamanya ikan hiasan. Selain daripada itu, ia juga memberi sumbangan secara langsung dan tidak langsung kepada manusia. Beberapa jenis tumbuhan akuatik dijadikan makanan,contonnya pokok Hydrocotyle sp.(pengaga) dijadikan ulam oleh masyarakat Melayu dan Lemna purpusilla diberikan kepada itik sebagai makanan. Ia juga boleh berfungsi sebagai bahan perubatan, contohnya Pistia stratiotes (kiambang) digunakan oleh masyarakat Cina untuk mengubati penyakit siflis dan berbagai masalah kulit. Pokok akuatik juga boleh gigunakan sebagai baja, contohnya Hydrilla verticillata apabila telah dikeluarkan daripada air ia boleh bertindak sebagai baja pokok.

Siti Zahrah, A.1990. Common bacterial diseases in cultured Clarias macrocephalus Gunther in Melaka. In: Proceedings Fisheries Research Seminar, 1988, Kuala Lumpur: Dept. Of Fisheries: 115-119.

Abstract
Sample of diseased Clarias macrocephalus cultured in ponds of the FFRC and in farmers' ponds in Melaka were collected for this study for the period of two years (1986-1988). They were examined for parasites and bacteria. The results showed that bacterial diseases were more common. The main clinical and morphological signs of the diseases were described. The bacteria that were isolated and identified in order of importance were Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas euroginosa, Pseudomonas spp., Edwardsiella spp., Moraxella spp., Flavobacterium spp,. Pasteurella spp, and gram +ve bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus and other enterobacteria. Possible prophylactic measures are also described.

Siti Zahrah, A. and Rokiah, A.L. Broken-head disease syndrome in Clarias macrocephalus Gunther and the Clarias hybrids. Presented at the 4th Congress of Veterinary Association Malaysia, 2nd - 4th Oct., 1992 in Kuala Lumpur.

Abstract
Four sporadic cases of broken-head disease syndrome of unknown etiology, in Clarias sp. were described. Two cases occurred in Melaka in 1988, while the last two cases were reported in Kedah in late April of this year. The affected catfish in Melaka was Clarias macrocephalus, while the one in Kedah was Clarias sp hybrid (Clarias sp. x Clarias gariepinus). Results of bacterial examinations and gross morphological symptoms of the broken-head disease were described. Some preventive measures involving management practic1es were also presented.

Siti Zahrah, A. Ornamental fish disease prevention and treatment. Presented in Aquarium Technofest, on 18th August, 1992, Pulau Pinang.

Abstract
This paper presents a modest account of more common ornamental fish diseases encountered in the ornamental fish industry. Diseases that are parasitic in nature, especially protozoans, monogenetic trematodes, and copepods are easily detectable than most of the bacterial diseases, viral diseases, non-specific diseases and diseases of unknown causes. Practical methods of treatment and prevention or prophylaxis in controlling the common diseases are also discussed. A brief but effective approach to a simple diagnostic method on aquarium fish especially in parasitic diseases is also given.

Siti Zahrah, A. and  Rokiah A. L. Penyakit Parasit Ikan Air Tawar. Buku Panduan 1/96. 58 pp.

Pengenalan
Parasit boleh ditakrifkan sebagai satu organisma haiwan atau tumbuhan yang menumpang pada organisma lain (perumah) untuk menjalani keseluruhan atau sebahagian daripada edaran hidupnya. Di dalam proses penumpangan, sebilangan organisma parasit boleh memudaratkan perumahnya, sehingga kadangkala boleh membawa kepada kematian.
Organisma yang menjadi parasit kepada ikan terdiri daripada pelbagai kumpulan dan jenis. Pada masa ini terdapat ribuan jenis parasit ikan telah dikenalpasti. Namun masih banyak lagi jenis yang belum diketahui. Walau bagaimanapun, hanya sebilangan sahaja yang diketahui amat merbahaya kepada ikan. Di dalam banyak keadaan, ikan-ikan biasanya dijangkiti parasit, tetapi tidak menimbulkan kesan yang ketara seperti kematian.
Masalah parasit lebih meruncing di dalam kumpulan ikan yang diternak jika dibandingkan dengan kumpulan ikan di persekitaran. Ini mungkin berpunca daripada persekitaran semulajadi. Ikan yang lebih padat dalam ternakan yang mana boleh meransang perkembangan populasi parasit kepada paras yang lebih merbahaya. Bilangan parasit yang boleh memudaratkan ikan berbeza antara jenis, saiz dan status kesihatan ikan itu sendiri. Sebilangan jenis parasit menjangkiti jenis ikan yang tertentu sahaja ataupun sebilangan kecil jenis ikan. Kesan sesuatu jenis parasit adalah berbeza mengikut jenis ikan.
Buku panduan ini cuba untuk memberi penerangan ringkas tentang jenis-jenis parasit yang lazim terdapat dalam ternakan ikan, khususnya di persekitaran air tawar. Disamping aspek biologi, penerangan ini juga meliputi aspek-aspek pencegahan dan rawatan bertujuan sebagai panduan am kepada penternak. Perlu juga ditekan bahawa senarai parasit yang dibincang adalah jauh daripada lengkap. Oleh itu penternak masih perlu untuk membuat rujukan lain yang lebih mendalam atau jika menghadapi masalah penyakit, sampel-sampel ikan dihantar untuk diperiksa dengan lebih teliti di makmal untuk kepastian.

Siti Zahrah, A, Ahmad Faris, G. Rosmawati, A. L. Rokiah, A. Thomas.1996. Application Of A Vibrio anguillarum Lethal Toxin As A Vaccine. Prosiding Persidangan Penyelidik Perikanan. 290-304 pp.

Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum, pathogenic for fershwater and marine fish/shellfish is known to produce disease-associated haemolysin, protease and cytotoxin virulence factors. None of the factors are know to trigger neuroexitatory reactions in aquatic hosts. However, it was recently reported by our group that not less than 50% of Vibrio anguillarum strains produce lethal toxin which causes contortive swimming of eels, catfish, tilapia and rainbow trout. In addition, the toxin is known to cause muscle contraction and paralysis in the aforementioned hosts and even in Balb/C mice. We have also established that toxin is a secretagogue forpheochromocytoma PC 12 tissue culture cells produce higher levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This communication will describe experimental work on the neuroexcitatory properties of the toxin and its application as a vaccine.

Siti Zahrah, A, Ahmad Faris, G. Rosmawati, A.L. Rokiah.1996. Studies On The Virulence Factors Vibrio spp. Isolated From Diseased Shrimps In Tg.Dawai, Kedah. Prosiding Persidangan Penyelidikan Perikanan. 299-319 pp.

Abstract
Mass mortalities of shrimps occured in three farms in Tanjung Dawai (Kedah) in Nov-Dec 1994. Bacterial isolation and identification revealed that Vibrio spp., could have been associtated with the shrimp mortalities. The isolated bacterial strains were invertigated with respect to production of protease, chitinase, haemolysin and their virulence factors and that they are infectious in red tilapia, catfish and P. monodon.

Suhairi, A., Misri, S.,Yusuf, S., Amir, M.,1993. Ternakan Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Dalam Kolam. Risalah Perikanan Bil.54. 26pp.

Ringkasan
Risalah ini bertujuan memberi panduan umum cara menternak udang galah kepada penternak dan petani yang berminat, sedang atau akan menceburi bidang ini. Ia disediakan berdasarkan pengalaman kajian ternakan di kolam-kolam Pusat Penyelidikan Ikan Air Tawar, Batu Berendam, Melaka,dari tinjauan di kolam-kolam sekitar Melaka dan dari rujukan makalah berkenaan. Habitat pemakanan,perlakuan,dibincang, juga meliputi tentang kriteria tapak yang sesuai, pembinaan dan penyediaan kolam serta pengurusan ternakan secara keseluruhan. Risalah ini lebih menumpu kepada ternakan sejenis atau monokultur iaitu pendekatan perusahaan secara perdagangan.

Suhairi, A., and Misri, S.1994. Kajian awal asuhan udang galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) dalam saliran. Proc. Fish. Res. Conf.,DOF,Mal.,IV:437-440.

Abstract
An experiment to nurse giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in the raceway for a period of 2 months was carried out. The mean survival rates for the density of 200/m² and 400/m² was significantly different, 75.82% and 59.96%, respectively. The weights in the first month for the density of 100/m² , 200/m and 400/m² were not differently significant. In the second month, the prawn weight in the density of 200/m² was 0.186g/prawn and in the density of 400/m² was 0.150g/prawn with significantly different (P<0.05)

Suhairi, A., Misri, S., Abdul Ghani, H. and Ahmad Ashhar, O.1996. Kajian awal ternakan ikan temoleh (Probarbus jullieni) dalam kolam. Proc. Fish. Res. Conf., DOF, Mal., 1996: 278-283.

Abstract
The experiment to culture ikan temoleh (Probarbus jullieni) in ponds has been conducted at Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre (FFRC), Batu Berendam, Melaka. The culture densities were 5/10m², 10/10m² and 20/10m² and replicated twice. Results had shown that the overall fish growth in the higher density ponds is significantly better than the fish in the lower density ponds (P>0.05). The specific growth rate for the density of 20/10m², 10/10m² and 5/10m² were 2.31%/day, 2.23%/day and 2.09%/day, respectively and there is a significant different between the densities of 5/10m² and 20/10m². The total weight of fish harvested during culture period (13 months) was 2504.0kg/ha for 10/10m², 2041.0kg/ha for 20/10m² and 1065.4kg/ha for 5/10m². However, there is no significant different between treatments. The survival rate for the density of 5/10m², 10/10m² and 20/10m² were 48.3%, 21.2% and 10.0% respectively, with significant different between 5/10m² and 20/10m². The length-weight relationship of fish observed was following the allometric growth equation of W=0.00874*TL^3.124 . The ponds water quality observed during culture period is also discussed.

Thalathiah, Hj. S. and H. Hamilah, 1986. A study on the breeding aspects of Pangasius sutchi (Fowler) in Melaka. Proc. Intl. Conf. Dev. Managt. Trop. Living Aquat. Resources, Serdang, Malaysia. 2-5 Aug. 1983.p. (52-57).

Abstract
Pangasius sutchi, an omnivorous exotic catfish attained sexual maturity after 20 months of culture in ponds. Ovarian development indicated by the Gonadosomatic Index (G.S.I) related closely to the rainy seasons. High G.S.I. values were recorded for the periods of mid-April to mid-June and September to October. Induced breeding of the fish by hormonal injection was successful during these periods from 1980 to 1982.
Fractional injections using HCG alone (1100-1500 IU/kg), homoplastic pituitary extract (1-3 Doses), and heteroplastic using Tachysurus sp. (0.5-2 Doses) and Cyprinus carpio (6-12 mg/kg) administered with or without HCG were effective in inducing spawning. Mass production of P.sutchi fry is constrained by cannibalism.

Thalathiah, S., Ahmad, A.O, and Zaini, M.S.1988. Induced Spawning Techniques practiced at Batu Berendam, Melaka, Malaysia. Aquaculture, 74: 23-33.

Abstract
Techniques of induced spawning as practiced at Batu Berendam, Melaka, were developed from 1974 to 1986. Early attempts using salmon gonadotropin SG-G100 were found to be effective but very expensive. Alternatively, the technique of hypophysation, that is, injection of either homoplastic or heteroplastic pituitary gland extract, was adopted. Freshly prepared or acetone-preserved pituitary extracts from mature bighead and silver carp were administered to bighead and silver carp spawners; the extracts were found to be effective and 30 times cheaper than SG-G100. In addition, the use of acetone-dried common carp pituitary extract produced more consistent results. Using the technique, we were able to induce spawning in local as well as exotic carps.
More refined human chorionic gonadotropin administered with homoplastic or heteroplastic pituitary extract proved to be equally effective on local as well as exotic carps and catfish. Some of the dosages have been standardized, in particular for bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, local carp, Leptobarbus hoevenni, and striped catfish, Pangasius sutchi. The most recent development is the effective administration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog to P. sutchi, either singly or in combination with homoplastic pituitary extract.

Thalathiah, S., Abas Fauzi, O. and Ibrahim, T.1988. First successful attempt to induce breeds Mystus Nemurus (C & V) at Batu Berendam, Melaka. Proc. 11^th Ann. Conf. MSAP: (53- 55).

Abstract
A breakthrough in induced spawning of riverine catfish, M. nemurus was achieved in August 1987 using heteroplastic pituitary extract in combination with HCG. First dosage consisted of 0.7 Dose PG plus 30 IU HCG/kg as stimulatory dose, followed by 1.4 Dose PG plus 60 IU HCG/kg as a resolving dose, six hours later. The second dosage consisted of 1.0 Dose PG plus 20 IU HCG/kg and 1.5 Dose PG plus 40 IU HCG/kg respectively. Males were administered with 50 IU HCG/kg at the same time the females received the resolving injection.
Both dosages resulted in spawning. However, only female which received the first dosage produced viable hatchlings. Hatchlings were reared in hatchery for two weeks before stocking into nursery ponds. After 6 weeks, about 2000 fry were collected, the size ranging from 2-3 cm.

Thalathiah Hj. S., O. Abas Fauzi and T. Ibrahim.1989. Pengeluaran Benih Keli Bunga, Clarias Macrocephalus (Gunther). In Proceedings Fisheries Research Seminar, Penang, 28-29^th June 1988,pp. 105-111.

Abstract
Induced breeding technique can ensure continuos fry production all year round. Prophylactic treatment is a prerequisite in breeding, hatchery and nursery management. It is absolutely essential that the formalin be increased gradually to avoid the toxic effect of the formaldehyde on the hatchlings. Stringent hatchery procedures adopted have resulted in mass production of the fry, thereby exceeding the production target for the year 1987. In a period of six months, production had exceeded more than 280,000.

Thalathiah S.,1990. Teknik Pembiakan & Pengeluaran Benih ikan Keli. Risalah Perikanan Bil 41. 43pp.

Pendahuluan
Sejak kebelakangan ini, permintaan terhadap benih ikan keli daripada penternak-penternak ikan air tawar telah meningkat. Ini adalah disebabakan oleh meningkatnya permintaan terhadap ikan keli di pasaran.
Pengeluaran benih di dalam negeri sama ada daripada pusat-pusat pembiak baka kerajaan atau swasta, tidak mencukupu untuk menampung permintaan yang tinggi. Oleh itu,benih ikan keli terpaksa diimport dari negeri Thai.Benih ikan keli yang diimport menimbulkan masalah peratusan kemandiran yang sangat rendah di peringkat pemeliharaan. Faktor ini telah mendorong penternak dan pengusaha individu dan swasta untuk mencuba mengeluarkan benih secara besar-besaran.Walaupun ada antaranya telah berjaya, tetapi sesetengahnya masih lagi menghadapi beberapa masalah teknikal.Adalah diharapakan risalah ini dapat membantu pengusaha-pengusaha yang menghadapi masalah dan juga yang ingin menceburi dalam bidang pengeluaran benih ikan keli.
Penerbitan risalah ini adalah bertujuan untuk memberi maklumat yang terperanci mengenai teknik pengeluaran benih ikan keli. Maklumat-maklumat yang terkandung di dalam risalah ini ialah hasil penyelidikan yang telah dijalankan di Pusat Penyelidikan Perikanan Air Tawar, Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia,Batu Berendam, Melaka.Terdapat juga maklumat daripada luar negeri. Adalah diharapkan, risalah ini boleh dijadikan panduan kepada sesiapa yang berminat dan ingin meceburi bidang pengeluaran benih ikan keli.

Thalathiah, H.S., T. Ibrahim and A. Mansor.1992. Induced Spawning of Mytus Nemurus(C & V) using heteroplastic pituitary extract, HCG and an analog of LHRH. In Proceedings of Fisheries Research Seminar, Malacca, 27-29 June 1989, pp. 185-188.

Abstract
In the induced of Mytus Nemurus, administration of heteroplastic pituitary extract from P.sutchi in combination with HCG at 1.0D + 50 IU/kg as stimulatory followed by 1.5D + 100 IU/kg as resolving injection resulted in the highest percentage of ovulation (100%). The use of acetone-dried carp pituitary with HCG at 2mg + 50 IU/kg and 4mg + 100 IU/kg respectively also resulted in 100% ovulation. HCG can also be replaced with analog of LHRH in two sequences of injections but at slightly lower dosage of P.sutchi pituitary extract.

Thalathiah, Hj. S., T. Ibrahim and A.L. Rokiah.1992. Effect on Hatchability of Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) eggs. In Proceedings of Fisheries Research Seminar, Malacca, 27-29 June 1989, pp. 189-192.

Abstract
Betadine or polyvinyipyrrolidone–Iodine (PVP–1), a non-selective organic germicide is found to be an effective egg surface disinfectant for C. macrocephalus eggs. By washing fertilized eggs in Betadine solutions of 10, 25, 40 and 60 ppm for 10 minutes, the means percentage hatchling are found to be significantly higher from that of control (p < 0.005). The highest mean percentage hatchling is achieved at concentration of 25 ppm Betadine as proven in use verification trials. Bacterial culture of eggs treated with betadine proved to be negative as compared to the control.

Thalathiah, Hj. S. and Ibrahim T.1992. Seed production of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell). In Ho, Y.W., et al (eds.). Proceedings of the National IRPA Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, 6-11 January 1992, Volume II, pp.241-242.

Thalathiah, S., Chuah, H.P., Misri, S. and Buijse, A.D. 1993. The Fish Community In Kenyir Lake In Relation To Its Fisheries. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 219-226 pp.

Abstract
As a result of damming the Terengganu River, very deep oligotrophic Kenyir Lake was formed, thus confining the multi-species riverine fish community in the large waterbody of 36,900 ha. A total of 30 species have been identified so far. The major fisheries are Channa micropeltes which comprise 36.0% of the commercial catches by fishermen, followed by Mystus nemurus 29.0%, Puntius schwanenfeldii 25.0%, and Hampala macrolepidota 4.5%. Catches by experimental gillnets indicated that P. Schwanenfeldii was most abundant which accounted for 42.5% of the fish species composition in the lake. However, a highly priced typically riverine species Tor tambroides, is very low in catches (1.5%). Another interesting finding is that river sprat, Corica sp., fish like anchovy, are found in abundance.

Zulkafli, A.R. and A. Zahari.1990.  An experiment on the cage culture of Catla catla (Hamilton) in Durian Tunggal Reservoir.  In: Fisheries Research Seminar, IPP, Penang,pp. 90-97.

Abstract
The culture of Catla catla, without supplementary feeding in floating net cages was initiated in June 1986. In the trial, fingerlings of average wight 17.5g, were stocked in 6 cages, each measuring 3.65 x 3.65 x2.0 m at three different stocking desities of 8, 12 and 18 fish/m3. The fish grew to an average weight of 425.8 g, 415.1g and 316.4g, respectively after 6 months of culture period. The difference was not significant (P>0.05).

Zulkafli bin Abd. Rashid.1993. Eutrophication Of Sungai Baru Resrvoir: Changes In Water Chemistry Regime. Compilation Of Research Studies And Reports On Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs In Peninsular Malaysia. 48-50 pp..

Introduction
Eutrophication is the aging process in lakes and or reservoir. It takes place naturally but frequently accelerated by man activities. This accelerated from of eutrophication is refferd to as pollution. With advancing eutrophication, the following characteristics are noted : 1) increase in productivity of algae and other living matter; 20nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations increase; 3) dissolved oxygen depletion occurs in deeper waters; 4) fish species changes; 5) rooted vegetation grow into lake margin. This paper discuss the changes in chemical characteristics of the water general.

Zulkafi, A.R., Jamaludin I., Ahmad Ashhar, O., Misri S.,1996. Development Of Reservoir Management Techniques For Fish Production. Proceedings Persidangan Penyelidikan Perikanan. 156-169pp.

Abstract
Two contrasting reservoirs, Tasik Kenyir (36900 ha) and Empangan Semenyih (360 ha) were studued from 1990-1994. Spatial and temporal density variations of copepods and cladocerans in the two reservoirs were studied. Both reservoirs were found to have similar species compostition with two species of cyclopoid copepods and three cladocerans. Abundances of copepodids occurs during wet season (October-January). The epilimnion of the reservoirs (0-8 m) is well oxygenated throughout teh year.The standing stock biomass were signiflcantly higher in December/January in Kenyir and Semenyih reservoirs with 166.0mg dw m-2, respectively.
Fish community structures of both reservoirs were also studied todetermine thr species diversity, spatial distribution pattern, trophic levels, morphometric relationship and breeding pattern of major fish species. 38 fish species were identified in Tasik Kenyir and 19 species were identified in Semenyih Reservoir with major piscivorous, Sebarau(Hampala macrolepidota) and Haruan (Channa striatus) while the omnivorous Sia (Mystacolrucus marginatus) forms the most abundant species. Fish species in Semenyih Reservoir is more spatially distributed. In Tasik Kenyir, lager individuals were present in the from of piscivorous, Toman (Channa macropeltis), Baung (Mystus nemurus) and Sebarau (Hampala macrolepidota) while omnivorous cyrinids are Lampan Sungai (Puntius schwanenfeldii). Most of the fish occupy tthe shores(riverine areas) while the pelagic zone is sparsely populated. Spawning period of Sia (M. marginatus) in Semenyih Reservoir is not cler, on the contrary, the trend was clear for Lampan Sungai (P. schwanenfeldii) in Kenyir where this fish showed a definite spawning season during the month of Desember to February which coincide with the rainy season. All data collected during the study period were stored in relational data base programmes developed by PPPAT with the assistance from DFCF.
Four strategic management approaches are recommended: Creation of distinctive Management zones; Aquaculture development; Environmental enhancement and monitoring and enforcement the fisheries aspects in Tasik Kenyir.

Zulkafi, A.R., and A. Zahari.1999. Fish and Water Quality Survey in Paya Indah Wetlands Sanctuary. Paper presented at International Conference & Workshop on Tropical Peat Swamp "Safe-Guarding A Global Natural Resource" 27-29 July 1999, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. pp 12.

Abstract
A 5-months survey of fish species found in Paya Indah Wetlands Sanctuary (degraded ex-tin mining area) was carried out together with the water quality analysis. A total of 16 fish species were caught using gill nets, cast nets, scoop nets and electro shocker. The four most abundant fish species are Notopterus notopterus; Mystus vittatus; Trichopterus trichopterus; and Oreochromis mosambicus with 37.1%; 31.2%; 13.5% and 8.1% of the total number of fish caught (1917 nos.) respectively. A rare Clariidae family, Clarias teijsmani were also caught. Two other species, which are found in more alkaline waters, Esomus malayansis and Chanda siamensis were also caught in two of the lakes in Paya Indah Wetlands Sanctuary. The pH of the water in Paya Indah ranges from pH 3.6 to pH 6.7. The oxygenated water column is less than 3 m. in all the water bodies studied but one, in which the whole water column (7 m deep), was well oxygenated (7.3 mg/l). The average phosphate level ranges from 0.006 mg/l to 0.31 mg/l. in all the water bodies studied. The fish composition in relation to the water quality is discussed.

 Keywords: degraded peat swamp, fish species, fish composition, water quality

Zulkafli, A.R., van Densen, W.L.T. & Machiels, M.A.M. 1999. A comparison of the fish communities and trophic relationships in Kenyir and Semenyih reservoirs, Peninsular Malaysia. In: W.L.T. van Densen & M.J. Morris (eds) Fish and fisheries of lakes and reservoirs in Southeast Asia and Africa. pp. 77-94.

Abstract
To characterize the niche occupation by fish species in newly built reservoirs in Peninsular Malaysia, the structure of the fish communities and the trophic relationships in a large (Kenyir 36,900 ha; mean/max depth 37/150 m) and a small reservoir (Semenyih 350 ha; mean/max depth 17/35 m) were compared. Depth at which oxygen falls below 5 mg.L^-1 varied between 6 and 13 m in Kenyir Reservoir and between 1 and 13 m in Semenyih Reservoir. The fish community in Semenyih Reservoir, which has no extended littoral zone, was dominated by the small insectivorous cyprinid, Mystacoleucus marginatus, and by the insectivorous, facultative piscivorous Hampala macrolepidota (Cyprinidae). In Kenyir Reservoir the fish community in the open water was dominated by large, insectivorous Puntius schwanenfeldii, whereas in the mouth of the inflowing rivers smaller conspecifics were abundant, together with M. marginatus and H. macrolepidota, supplemented with the surface feeding Chela anomalura. Terrestrial insects, mainly ants and termites, were as important as aquatic insects, mainly Chaoborus larvae, in the food of insectivorous fish in both reservoirs. Zooplanktivory was unimportant. Species shifts in the landings of the professional fishermen showed that large, true piscivores such as the snakeheads (Channa species) quickly disappeared, that catfish Mystus nemurus became less important and that after some years P. schwanenfeldii dominated the catches.

Keywords: Malaysia, reservoirs, fisheries, foodweb, distribution

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